Mass Deface
>> import uuid
# make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
>>> uuid.uuid1()
UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')
# make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
>>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')
# make a random UUID
>>> uuid.uuid4()
UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')
# make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
>>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')
# make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
>>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')
# convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
>>> str(x)
'00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'
# get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
>>> x.bytes
'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'
# make a UUID from a 16-byte string
>>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
"""
__author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee '
RESERVED_NCS, RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, RESERVED_FUTURE = [
'reserved for NCS compatibility', 'specified in RFC 4122',
'reserved for Microsoft compatibility', 'reserved for future definition']
class UUID(object):
"""Instances of the UUID class represent UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.
UUID objects are immutable, hashable, and usable as dictionary keys.
Converting a UUID to a string with str() yields something in the form
'12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc'. The UUID constructor accepts
five possible forms: a similar string of hexadecimal digits, or a tuple
of six integer fields (with 32-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 8-bit, 8-bit, and
48-bit values respectively) as an argument named 'fields', or a string
of 16 bytes (with all the integer fields in big-endian order) as an
argument named 'bytes', or a string of 16 bytes (with the first three
fields in little-endian order) as an argument named 'bytes_le', or a
single 128-bit integer as an argument named 'int'.
UUIDs have these read-only attributes:
bytes the UUID as a 16-byte string (containing the six
integer fields in big-endian byte order)
bytes_le the UUID as a 16-byte string (with time_low, time_mid,
and time_hi_version in little-endian byte order)
fields a tuple of the six integer fields of the UUID,
which are also available as six individual attributes
and two derived attributes:
time_low the first 32 bits of the UUID
time_mid the next 16 bits of the UUID
time_hi_version the next 16 bits of the UUID
clock_seq_hi_variant the next 8 bits of the UUID
clock_seq_low the next 8 bits of the UUID
node the last 48 bits of the UUID
time the 60-bit timestamp
clock_seq the 14-bit sequence number
hex the UUID as a 32-character hexadecimal string
int the UUID as a 128-bit integer
urn the UUID as a URN as specified in RFC 4122
variant the UUID variant (one of the constants RESERVED_NCS,
RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, or RESERVED_FUTURE)
version the UUID version number (1 through 5, meaningful only
when the variant is RFC_4122)
"""
def __init__(self, hex=None, bytes=None, bytes_le=None, fields=None,
int=None, version=None):
r"""Create a UUID from either a string of 32 hexadecimal digits,
a string of 16 bytes as the 'bytes' argument, a string of 16 bytes
in little-endian order as the 'bytes_le' argument, a tuple of six
integers (32-bit time_low, 16-bit time_mid, 16-bit time_hi_version,
8-bit clock_seq_hi_variant, 8-bit clock_seq_low, 48-bit node) as
the 'fields' argument, or a single 128-bit integer as the 'int'
argument. When a string of hex digits is given, curly braces,
hyphens, and a URN prefix are all optional. For example, these
expressions all yield the same UUID:
UUID('{12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678}')
UUID('12345678123456781234567812345678')
UUID('urn:uuid:12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678')
UUID(bytes='\x12\x34\x56\x78'*4)
UUID(bytes_le='\x78\x56\x34\x12\x34\x12\x78\x56' +
'\x12\x34\x56\x78\x12\x34\x56\x78')
UUID(fields=(0x12345678, 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x12, 0x34, 0x567812345678))
UUID(int=0x12345678123456781234567812345678)
Exactly one of 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int' must
be given. The 'version' argument is optional; if given, the resulting
UUID will have its variant and version set according to RFC 4122,
overriding the given 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int'.
"""
if [hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, int].count(None) != 4:
raise TypeError('need one of hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, or int')
if hex is not None:
hex = hex.replace('urn:', '').replace('uuid:', '')
hex = hex.strip('{}').replace('-', '')
if len(hex) != 32:
raise ValueError('badly formed hexadecimal UUID string')
int = long(hex, 16)
if bytes_le is not None:
if len(bytes_le) != 16:
raise ValueError('bytes_le is not a 16-char string')
bytes = (bytes_le[3] + bytes_le[2] + bytes_le[1] + bytes_le[0] +
bytes_le[5] + bytes_le[4] + bytes_le[7] + bytes_le[6] +
bytes_le[8:])
if bytes is not None:
if len(bytes) != 16:
raise ValueError('bytes is not a 16-char string')
int = long(('%02x'*16) % tuple(map(ord, bytes)), 16)
if fields is not None:
if len(fields) != 6:
raise ValueError('fields is not a 6-tuple')
(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node) = fields
if not 0 <= time_low < 1<<32L:
raise ValueError('field 1 out of range (need a 32-bit value)')
if not 0 <= time_mid < 1<<16L:
raise ValueError('field 2 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
if not 0 <= time_hi_version < 1<<16L:
raise ValueError('field 3 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
if not 0 <= clock_seq_hi_variant < 1<<8L:
raise ValueError('field 4 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
if not 0 <= clock_seq_low < 1<<8L:
raise ValueError('field 5 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
if not 0 <= node < 1<<48L:
raise ValueError('field 6 out of range (need a 48-bit value)')
clock_seq = (clock_seq_hi_variant << 8L) | clock_seq_low
int = ((time_low << 96L) | (time_mid << 80L) |
(time_hi_version << 64L) | (clock_seq << 48L) | node)
if int is not None:
if not 0 <= int < 1<<128L:
raise ValueError('int is out of range (need a 128-bit value)')
if version is not None:
if not 1 <= version <= 5:
raise ValueError('illegal version number')
# Set the variant to RFC 4122.
int &= ~(0xc000 << 48L)
int |= 0x8000 << 48L
# Set the version number.
int &= ~(0xf000 << 64L)
int |= version << 76L
self.__dict__['int'] = int
def __cmp__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, UUID):
return cmp(self.int, other.int)
return NotImplemented
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self.int)
def __int__(self):
return self.int
def __repr__(self):
return 'UUID(%r)' % str(self)
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
raise TypeError('UUID objects are immutable')
def __str__(self):
hex = '%032x' % self.int
return '%s-%s-%s-%s-%s' % (
hex[:8], hex[8:12], hex[12:16], hex[16:20], hex[20:])
def get_bytes(self):
bytes = ''
for shift in range(0, 128, 8):
bytes = chr((self.int >> shift) & 0xff) + bytes
return bytes
bytes = property(get_bytes)
def get_bytes_le(self):
bytes = self.bytes
return (bytes[3] + bytes[2] + bytes[1] + bytes[0] +
bytes[5] + bytes[4] + bytes[7] + bytes[6] + bytes[8:])
bytes_le = property(get_bytes_le)
def get_fields(self):
return (self.time_low, self.time_mid, self.time_hi_version,
self.clock_seq_hi_variant, self.clock_seq_low, self.node)
fields = property(get_fields)
def get_time_low(self):
return self.int >> 96L
time_low = property(get_time_low)
def get_time_mid(self):
return (self.int >> 80L) & 0xffff
time_mid = property(get_time_mid)
def get_time_hi_version(self):
return (self.int >> 64L) & 0xffff
time_hi_version = property(get_time_hi_version)
def get_clock_seq_hi_variant(self):
return (self.int >> 56L) & 0xff
clock_seq_hi_variant = property(get_clock_seq_hi_variant)
def get_clock_seq_low(self):
return (self.int >> 48L) & 0xff
clock_seq_low = property(get_clock_seq_low)
def get_time(self):
return (((self.time_hi_version & 0x0fffL) << 48L) |
(self.time_mid << 32L) | self.time_low)
time = property(get_time)
def get_clock_seq(self):
return (((self.clock_seq_hi_variant & 0x3fL) << 8L) |
self.clock_seq_low)
clock_seq = property(get_clock_seq)
def get_node(self):
return self.int & 0xffffffffffff
node = property(get_node)
def get_hex(self):
return '%032x' % self.int
hex = property(get_hex)
def get_urn(self):
return 'urn:uuid:' + str(self)
urn = property(get_urn)
def get_variant(self):
if not self.int & (0x8000 << 48L):
return RESERVED_NCS
elif not self.int & (0x4000 << 48L):
return RFC_4122
elif not self.int & (0x2000 << 48L):
return RESERVED_MICROSOFT
else:
return RESERVED_FUTURE
variant = property(get_variant)
def get_version(self):
# The version bits are only meaningful for RFC 4122 UUIDs.
if self.variant == RFC_4122:
return int((self.int >> 76L) & 0xf)
version = property(get_version)
def _find_mac(command, args, hw_identifiers, get_index):
import os
for dir in ['', '/sbin/', '/usr/sbin']:
executable = os.path.join(dir, command)
if not os.path.exists(executable):
continue
try:
# LC_ALL to get English output, 2>/dev/null to
# prevent output on stderr
cmd = 'LC_ALL=C %s %s 2>/dev/null' % (executable, args)
with os.popen(cmd) as pipe:
for line in pipe:
words = line.lower().split()
for i in range(len(words)):
if words[i] in hw_identifiers:
return int(
words[get_index(i)].replace(':', ''), 16)
except IOError:
continue
return None
def _ifconfig_getnode():
"""Get the hardware address on Unix by running ifconfig."""
# This works on Linux ('' or '-a'), Tru64 ('-av'), but not all Unixes.
for args in ('', '-a', '-av'):
mac = _find_mac('ifconfig', args, ['hwaddr', 'ether'], lambda i: i+1)
if mac:
return mac
import socket
ip_addr = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
# Try getting the MAC addr from arp based on our IP address (Solaris).
mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [ip_addr], lambda i: -1)
if mac:
return mac
# This might work on HP-UX.
mac = _find_mac('lanscan', '-ai', ['lan0'], lambda i: 0)
if mac:
return mac
return None
def _ipconfig_getnode():
"""Get the hardware address on Windows by running ipconfig.exe."""
import os, re
dirs = ['', r'c:\windows\system32', r'c:\winnt\system32']
try:
import ctypes
buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(300)
ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetSystemDirectoryA(buffer, 300)
dirs.insert(0, buffer.value.decode('mbcs'))
except:
pass
for dir in dirs:
try:
pipe = os.popen(os.path.join(dir, 'ipconfig') + ' /all')
except IOError:
continue
else:
for line in pipe:
value = line.split(':')[-1].strip().lower()
if re.match('([0-9a-f][0-9a-f]-){5}[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]', value):
return int(value.replace('-', ''), 16)
finally:
pipe.close()
def _netbios_getnode():
"""Get the hardware address on Windows using NetBIOS calls.
See http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118623 for details."""
import win32wnet, netbios
ncb = netbios.NCB()
ncb.Command = netbios.NCBENUM
ncb.Buffer = adapters = netbios.LANA_ENUM()
adapters._pack()
if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
return
adapters._unpack()
for i in range(adapters.length):
ncb.Reset()
ncb.Command = netbios.NCBRESET
ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
continue
ncb.Reset()
ncb.Command = netbios.NCBASTAT
ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
ncb.Callname = '*'.ljust(16)
ncb.Buffer = status = netbios.ADAPTER_STATUS()
if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
continue
status._unpack()
bytes = map(ord, status.adapter_address)
return ((bytes[0]<<40L) + (bytes[1]<<32L) + (bytes[2]<<24L) +
(bytes[3]<<16L) + (bytes[4]<<8L) + bytes[5])
# Thanks to Thomas Heller for ctypes and for his help with its use here.
# If ctypes is available, use it to find system routines for UUID generation.
_uuid_generate_random = _uuid_generate_time = _UuidCreate = None
try:
import ctypes, ctypes.util
# The uuid_generate_* routines are provided by libuuid on at least
# Linux and FreeBSD, and provided by libc on Mac OS X.
for libname in ['uuid', 'c']:
try:
lib = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library(libname))
except:
continue
if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_random'):
_uuid_generate_random = lib.uuid_generate_random
if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time'):
_uuid_generate_time = lib.uuid_generate_time
# The uuid_generate_* functions are broken on MacOS X 10.5, as noted
# in issue #8621 the function generates the same sequence of values
# in the parent process and all children created using fork (unless
# those children use exec as well).
#
# Assume that the uuid_generate functions are broken from 10.5 onward,
# the test can be adjusted when a later version is fixed.
import sys
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
import os
if int(os.uname()[2].split('.')[0]) >= 9:
_uuid_generate_random = _uuid_generate_time = None
# On Windows prior to 2000, UuidCreate gives a UUID containing the
# hardware address. On Windows 2000 and later, UuidCreate makes a
# random UUID and UuidCreateSequential gives a UUID containing the
# hardware address. These routines are provided by the RPC runtime.
# NOTE: at least on Tim's WinXP Pro SP2 desktop box, while the last
# 6 bytes returned by UuidCreateSequential are fixed, they don't appear
# to bear any relationship to the MAC address of any network device
# on the box.
try:
lib = ctypes.windll.rpcrt4
except:
lib = None
_UuidCreate = getattr(lib, 'UuidCreateSequential',
getattr(lib, 'UuidCreate', None))
except:
pass
def _unixdll_getnode():
"""Get the hardware address on Unix using ctypes."""
_buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
_uuid_generate_time(_buffer)
return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw).node
def _windll_getnode():
"""Get the hardware address on Windows using ctypes."""
_buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
if _UuidCreate(_buffer) == 0:
return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw).node
def _random_getnode():
"""Get a random node ID, with eighth bit set as suggested by RFC 4122."""
import random
return random.randrange(0, 1<<48L) | 0x010000000000L
_node = None
def getnode():
"""Get the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer.
The first time this runs, it may launch a separate program, which could
be quite slow. If all attempts to obtain the hardware address fail, we
choose a random 48-bit number with its eighth bit set to 1 as recommended
in RFC 4122.
"""
global _node
if _node is not None:
return _node
import sys
if sys.platform == 'win32':
getters = [_windll_getnode, _netbios_getnode, _ipconfig_getnode]
else:
getters = [_unixdll_getnode, _ifconfig_getnode]
for getter in getters + [_random_getnode]:
try:
_node = getter()
except:
continue
if _node is not None:
return _node
_last_timestamp = None
def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None):
"""Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time.
If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware
address. If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number;
otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen."""
# When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't
# use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122).
if _uuid_generate_time and node is clock_seq is None:
_buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
_uuid_generate_time(_buffer)
return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw)
global _last_timestamp
import time
nanoseconds = int(time.time() * 1e9)
# 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the
# UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
timestamp = int(nanoseconds//100) + 0x01b21dd213814000L
if _last_timestamp is not None and timestamp <= _last_timestamp:
timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1
_last_timestamp = timestamp
if clock_seq is None:
import random
clock_seq = random.randrange(1<<14L) # instead of stable storage
time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffffL
time_mid = (timestamp >> 32L) & 0xffffL
time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48L) & 0x0fffL
clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xffL
clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8L) & 0x3fL
if node is None:
node = getnode()
return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1)
def uuid3(namespace, name):
"""Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
from hashlib import md5
hash = md5(namespace.bytes + name).digest()
return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=3)
def uuid4():
"""Generate a random UUID."""
# When the system provides a version-4 UUID generator, use it.
if _uuid_generate_random:
_buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
_uuid_generate_random(_buffer)
return UUID(bytes=_buffer.raw)
# Otherwise, get randomness from urandom or the 'random' module.
try:
import os
return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4)
except:
import random
bytes = [chr(random.randrange(256)) for i in range(16)]
return UUID(bytes=bytes, version=4)
def uuid5(namespace, name):
"""Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
from hashlib import sha1
hash = sha1(namespace.bytes + name).digest()
return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5)
# The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5().
NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')